On the Experience of Using Artificial Intelligence by a Historian of Philosophy: Hallucinations and Bullshit, Creativity and Adaptability

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31649/sent44.03.176

Keywords:

history of philosophy, academic integrity, mythmaking, critical thinking, source criticism, text interpretation, cognitive distortions

Abstract

The spread of digital education highlights the risks associated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in teaching and research on the history of philosophy, particularly violations of academic integrity through the application of large language models such as ChatGPT. To initiate a conceptual engagement with this problem, the author undertook an empirical exploration – a history-of-philosophy “experiment” with this AI agent. It turned out that the system’s responses, alongside a degree of adaptability and creativity, typically contain various distortions and gaps, falsifications and fabrications, including hallucinations and bullshit. The advantages of AI, while avoiding these pitfalls, can be harnessed through classical tools offered by the history of philosophy – careful Socratic questioning, contextual-interpretative reading of texts, and systematic historical-philological source criticism.

Author Biography

Vadym Menzhulin, National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”

Doctor of Sciences in Philosophy, Professor of the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies

References

Androshchuk, A., & Maluga, O. (2024). Use of artificial intelligence in higher education: state and trends. [In Ukrainian]. International Science Journal of Education and Linguistics, 3(2), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.46299/j.isjel.20240302.04

Arieti, S. (1974). Interpretation of schizophrenia. Basic Books.

Arieti, S. (1976). Creativity: The magic synthesis. Basic Books.

Drach, I., et al. (2023). The use of artificial intelligence in higher education. [In Ukrainian]. International Scientific Journal of Universities and Leadership, 15, 66-82. https://doi.org/10.31874/2520-6702-2023-15-66-82

Firt, E. (2025). Analogical reasoning as a core AGI capability. AI Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00785-7

Floridi, L. (2023). The ethics of artificial intelligence: Principles, challenges, and opportunities. Oxford: Oxford UP. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198883098.001.0001

Frankfurt, H. G. (2005). On bullshit. Princeton UP. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400826537

Hossain, M. E., & Islam, M. A. (2024). AI and the future of education: Philosophical questions about the role of artificial intelligence in the classroom. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 8(3), 5541-5547. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.803419S

Ji, Z., Lee, N., Frieske, R., et al. (2023). Survey of hallucination in natural language generation. ACM Computing Surveys, 55, Article No. 248. https://doi.org/10.1145/3571730

Karpouzis, K. (2024, September 4). Artificial Intelligence in Education: Ethical Considerations and Insights from Ancient Greek Philosophy. arXiv, Art. No.: 57, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3688671.3688772

Kim, C.-E. (2024). The logical impossibility of consciousness denial: A formal analysis of AI self-reports. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/4zvfe

Kim, Y. (2025). Standard neural computation alone is insufficient for logical intelligence [Preprint]. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.02135

Kozlovskyi, V. (2023). Methodical Principles and of Digital Education: from the Experience of Teaching Philosophical Disciplines. [In Ukrainian]. NaUKMA Research Papers in Philosophy and Religious Studies, 11-12, 68-80. https://doi.org/10.18523/2617-1678.2023.11-12.68-80

Li, Y., Yang, C., & Ettinger, A. (2024). When hindsight is not 20/20: Testing limits on reflective thinking in large language models. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.findings-naacl.237

Maleki, N., Padmanabhan, B., & Dutta, K. (2024). AI hallucinations: A misnomer worth clarifying [Preprint]. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.1109/CAI59869.2024.00033

Menzhulin, V. (2005). Toward the history of relations between philosophy and psychiatry: the psychostructuralism of Silvano Arieti. [In Ukrainian]. Philosophical Thought, (2), 30-50.

Menzhulin, V. (2006). Laughable, idle and sorrowful in contemporary philosophy. [In Ukrainian]. NaUKMA Research Papers. Vol. 50: Philosophy and Religious Studies, 50, 44-49.

Menzhulin, V. (2008). Psychobiographical background of the psychoanalytical discoveries and the concept of «creative illness». [In Ukrainian]. NaUKMA Research Papers, Vol. 76: Philosophy and Religious Studies, 76, 11-18.

Menzhulin, V. (2009). Philosophy, biography and psychoanalysis: the case of Nietzsche. Part 2. “A patient”. [In Ukrainian]. Philosophical Thought, (6), 112-120.

Menzhulin, V. (2010). Biographical Approach within the Historiography of Philosophy. [In Ukrainian]. NaUKMA, Ahrar Media Group.

Menzhulin, V. (2012). Philosophical “smuggling”: autobiographical, biographical and psychoanalytical aspects. [In Ukrainian]. NaUKMA Research Papers. Vol. 128: Philosophy and Religious Studies, 128, 3-9.

Menzhulin, V. (2017). Employing psychological analysis in philosophical biographistics: some risks and possibilities to overcome them. [In Ukrainian]. Actual Problems of Mind, 14, 109-124. https://doi.org/10.31812/apd.v0i14.1837

Menzhulin, V. (2017а). On Nonreductive Biography and Eternal Self-Overcoming (Lyuty, Т. Nietzsche. Self-Overcoming. Кyiv: Tempora, 2016). [In Ukrainian]. Sententiae, 36(1), 166-172. https://doi.org/10.22240/sent36.01.166

Menzhulin, V. (2018). Biographical encyclopedia (dictionary) as a genre of the contemporary historiography of philosophy: Anglo-American and Ukrainian experience. [In Ukrainian]. Sententiae, 37(1), 153-167. https://doi.org/10.22240/sent37.01.153

Menzhulin, V. (2021). Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung on Myths and Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious: Unnoticed Similarity. [In Ukrainian]. NaUKMA Research Papers in Philosophy and Religious Studies, 8, 25-37. https://doi.org/10.18523/2617-1678.2021.8.25-37

Menzhulin, V. (2021а). Friedrich Nietzsche as a Hero of Pathographies Written on the Territory of Russian Empire. [In Ukrainian]. NaUKMA Research Papers in Philosophy and Religious Studies, 7, 17-29. https://doi.org/10.18523/2617-1678.2021.7.17-29

Menzhulin, V. (2022). Trending practices and discussions in contemporary English-language historiography of philosophy. [In Ukrainian]. Sententiae, 41(3), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.31649/sent41.03.43

Menzhulin, V. (2022а). Thematical fields and methodological coordinates of contemporary Ukrainian historiography of philosophy. [In Ukrainian]. The Ideology and Politics Journal, 1(20), 250-282. https://doi.org/10.36169/2227-6068.2022.01.00008

Menżulin, W. (2017). Carl Jung oraz Zygmunt Freud: podobieństwa i różnice. Teoria archetypów Carla Gustava Junga. In W. A. Marczyński (Ed.), Hortus (In)Conclusus. Polska i Ukraina: Rozmowy o filozofii i literaturze (s. 123-125). Warszawa: Fundacja na Rzecz Myślenia im. Barbary Skargi.

Novet, J. (2025, February 27). OpenAI launching GPT-4.5, its next general-purpose large language model. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/27/openai-launching-gpt-4point5-general-purpose-large-language-model.html

Su, W. J. (2025). Do large language models (really) need statistical foundations? arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.19145

Tigard, D.W. (2025, 14 May). On bullshit, large language models, and the need to curb your enthusiasm. AI Ethics, Open access. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00743-3

Tolochko, V., Bordyuh, N., & Mironets, L. (2023). Academic integrity and artificial intelligence in educational and scientific activities. [In Ukrainian]. Innovative Pedagogy, (62.2), 25-32. http://www.innovpedagogy.od.ua/archives/2023/62/part2/4.pdf

Vasylchenko, A. (2009). Actions de simulacro. [In Ukrainian]. Philsophical Thought, (4), 75-83.

Watson, D. (2019). The Rhetoric and Reality of Anthropomorphism in Artificial Intelligence. Minds & Machines, 29, 417-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-019-09506-6

Yurchak, I., Khich, A., & Oksentyuk, V. (2024). Understanding large language models: the future of artificial intelligence. [In Ukrainian]. Computer Design Systems. Theory and Practice, 6(2), 51-66. https://doi.org/10.23939/cds2024.02.051

Downloads

Abstract views: 4

Published

2025-11-30

How to Cite

Menzhulin, V. (2025). On the Experience of Using Artificial Intelligence by a Historian of Philosophy: Hallucinations and Bullshit, Creativity and Adaptability. Sententiae, 44(3), 176–200. https://doi.org/10.31649/sent44.03.176

Issue

Section

ARTICLES

Metrics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.