“The Reason Seeks the God ...”: Evolution of Pushkin`s Religious and Philosophical Views from the French Skepticism to German Idealism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22240/sent29.02.047Keywords:
atheism, German idealism, Goethe, Pushkin, religiosity, skepticism, sonata form of literary workAbstract
The article is devoted to the ideological evolution of Pushkin : from skepticism (bordering with atheism) – to religiosity. In this regard, the pagan antiquity as a whole (and skepticism generated by it, in particular), as well as the Christian culture are the two equal important sources of Pushkin's creative work. In this research the author proves the following theses: 1) the mature Pushkin `s works are deeply akin to Goethe's ones, his position in the history of Russian literature is isomorphic to that of Goethe in the history of German literature 2) the position of the majority of Pushkin scholars who argued that the poet despised " German me-taphysics", is based on selective quotations and therefore wrong 3) towards the end of his life Pushkin inclined to German idealism, and some of his works of the 1830`s have sonata (dialec-tical in nature) form; some of them are built as a dialogue of opposites 4) the commonplaces of the modern Pushkin`s myths (Pushkin Voltairean, monarchist, an Orthodox-Christian) are the consequence of a unilateral approach 5) only holistic reconstruction of his philosophical and religious beliefs makes it possible to interpret his masterpieces adequately.References
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Annenkov, P. V. (1984). The materials for a biography of A. Pushkin. [In Russian]. Moscow: Sovremennik.
Assafiev, B. V. (1963). Musical form as a process. [In Russian]. Leningrad: Musica.
Averintsev, S. S. (1996). The Poets. [In Russian]. Moscow: LRC.
Averintsev, S. S. (2005). Communication of the times. [In Russian]. Kiev: Dukh i lіtera.
Bakhtin, M. M. (1979). The aesthetics of the verbal creativity. [In Russian]. Moscow: Iskusstvo.
Berdyaev, N. A. (1990). The sense of the history. [In Russian]. Moscow: Mysl.
Bocharov, S. G. (1999). The Topics of Russian literature. [In Russian]. Moscow: LRC.
Bohr, N. (1961). The Atomic Physics and The Human Knowledge. [In Russian]. Moscow: IIL.
Danilevsky, R. Yu. (1999). Pushkin and Goethe. A comparative study. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Nauka.
Eidelman, N. Y. (1984). Pushkin. History and modernity in the artistic consciousness of the poet. [In Russian]. Moscow: Sovietskiy pisatel.
Epstein, M. (1996). The Bronze Horseman and the Goldfish. Pushkin's poem-tale. [In Russian]. Znamya, (6), 204-215.
Erofeeva, K. L. (2010). The Ideal of the Enlightenment and Modernity: frustration and prospects. [In Russian]. Solovyov Studies, 2(26), 90-96.
Etkind, E. G. (1999). The divine word. Pushkin, read in Russia and France. [In Russian]. Moscow: LRC.
Feinberg, L. E. (1973). Musical structure of Pushkin’s poem «To the nobleman» (Extract from the book «Sonata form in the poetry of Pushkin»). [In Russian]. In V. A. Frumkin (Ed.), Poetry and music: a collection of articles and research. M: Muzyka.
Galtseva, R. A. (1990). Pushkin in Russian philosophical criticism. End of 19th early 20th century. [In Russian]. Moscow: Kniga.
Goethe, J. W. (1964). Selected Philosophical Works. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Gurevich, A. M. (2011). The Hidden Meanings. Articles about Pushkin (1984-2011). [In Russian]. Moscow: Sovpadenie.
Hessen, A. (1965). All care gentle mind... Pushkin among books and friends. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Jacobson, R. (1987). Works on poetics. [In Russian]. Moscow: Progress.
Kagarlitskiy, Yu. I. (1980). Shakespeare and Voltaire. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Katz, B. A. (1995). Analogs of sonata form in the lyrics of Pushkin. [In Russian]. Musicalnaya Academia, (1), 151-158.
Kozhevnikov, V. M., Nikolaev, P. A. (Eds.). (1987). Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary. [In Russian]. Moscow: Sov. Encyclopedia.
Lotman, Y. M. (2005). Pushkin. Biography of the writer. Articles and Notes. «Eugene Onegin». Comment. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Iskusstvo.
Mazel, L. (1992). About sonata form in the writings of Pushkin. After observations of M. G. Kharlap. [In Russian]. Musicalnaya Academiya, (2), 5-7.
Modzalevsky, B. L. (1910). Pushkin`s Library (bibliographic description). [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Typography of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
Novikova, M. A. (1995). Pushkin`s Universe. Pagan and Christian traditions in the works of Pushkin. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nasledie.
Pascal, B. (1995). Pensées. (J. Ginsburg, Trans.). [In Russian]. Moscow: Sabashnikov`s Publishing.
Petrarca, F. (1992). Africa. (E. Rabinovich, Trans.). [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
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Pustovit, A. V. (2006). Ethics and aesthetics. Western heritage. The story of beauty and goodness. Textbook. [In Russian]. Kiev: IAPM.
Pustovit, A. V. (2006). Principle of the maximum action at Pushkіn`s drama. [In Ukrainian]. Fіlosofska Dumka, (4), 115-126.
Pustovit, A. V. (2008). Poetry as Embodiment of Contradictions: Pushkin's Tragedy «Mozart and Salieri». [In Russian]. In G. Aliaev et al. (Eds.), Ukrainian Journal of Russian philosophy. Bulletin of Russian Philosophical Society affiliated to Ukrainian philosophical foundation: Vol. 4, Poetry in Philosophy, Philosophy of Poetry (to 170th anniversary of the complete edition of Pushkin’s novel in verse «Eugene Onegin») (pp. 372-392). Kiev: Rus.
Pustovit, A. V. (2009). Pushkin and classical German philosophy. Towards the statement of the problem. [In Russian]. Russian language and literature in schools, (3), 2-10.
Pustovit, A. V. (2011a). Does Parody Really Dishonoures? [In Russian]. Russian language and literature in schools, (4), 13-23.
Pustovit, A. V. (2011b). Pushkin the Philosopher. The heritage of the poet and the Western philosophical tradition. [In Russian]. Retrieved from http: In pushkinopen.ru/texts/view/41
Pustovit, A. V. (2012). Philosophical and poetic antinomies. Pushkin and Kant [In Russian]. Russian language and literature in schools, (3), 7-13.
Sazonova, S. S. (2006). Pushkin in the 21th century. Collection in honor of V. S. Nepomnyastchy. [In Russian]. Moscow: Russkіy mіr.
Sedakova, O. A. (2006). Music. Poems and Prose. [In Russian]. Moscow: Russkіy mіr, Moskovskie Uchebniki.
Shahovskaya, Z. (1990). Merry name of Pushkin. [In Russian]. Slovo, 6, 1.
Solovyov, V. S. (1990). Poems. Aesthetics. Literary Criticism. [In Russian]. Moscow: Kniga.
Surat, I. Z. (1991). About «The Monument». [In Russian]. Novyi Mir, (10), 193-197.
Surat, I. Z. (1994). Pushkin as a religious problem. [In Russian]. Novy Mir, (1), 207-223.
Surat, I. Z. (2005). Pushkin and Pascal. [In Russian]. In I. E. Loshchilov, I. Z. Surat (Eds.), Pushkinskiy sbornik. Moscow: Tri quadrata.
Tarasov, B. (2009). «The thinking reed». The life and work of Pascal in the perception of Russian philosophers and writers. [In Russian]. Moscow: LRC.
Time, G. A. (2011). Russia and Germany: the philosophical discourse in Russian literature 19th–20th centuries. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Nestor-Historia.
Tomaszewski, B. V. (1960). Pushkin and France. [In Russian]. Moscow: Sovetsky Pisatel.
Tsyavlovsky, M. A. (Ed.). (1991). The Chronicle of the Life and Works of A. Pushkin. 1799-1826 (2nd ed.). [In Russian]. Leningrad: Nauka.
Vinogradov, V. V. (Ed.). (1956-1961). Dictionary of the Pushkin`s Language (Vol. 1-4). [In Russian]. GIINS.
Virolaynen, M. N. (2003). The Speech and the Silence. The Topics and the Myths of Russian literature. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Amphora.
Virolaynen, M. N. (2012). The creative history of the two poetic tales [In Russian]. In E. A. Baratynsky, & A. S. Pushkin, Two novels in verse (E.A. Baratynsky, The Ball; A. S. Pushkin, Count Nulin) (pp. 89-210). St. Petersburg, Nauka.
Wolpert, L. I. (2010). Pushkin`s France (2nd ed.). [In Russian; electronic publication]. Tartu. Retrieved from http: In www.ruthenia.ru/volpert/Volpert_Pushkin_2010.pdf
Zaborov, P. R. (1978). Russian Literature and Voltaire. [In Russian]. Leningrad: Nauka.
Annenkov, P. V. (1984). The materials for a biography of A. Pushkin. [In Russian]. Moscow: Sovremennik.
Assafiev, B. V. (1963). Musical form as a process. [In Russian]. Leningrad: Musica.
Averintsev, S. S. (1996). The Poets. [In Russian]. Moscow: LRC.
Averintsev, S. S. (2005). Communication of the times. [In Russian]. Kiev: Dukh i lіtera.
Bakhtin, M. M. (1979). The aesthetics of the verbal creativity. [In Russian]. Moscow: Iskusstvo.
Berdyaev, N. A. (1990). The sense of the history. [In Russian]. Moscow: Mysl.
Bocharov, S. G. (1999). The Topics of Russian literature. [In Russian]. Moscow: LRC.
Bohr, N. (1961). The Atomic Physics and The Human Knowledge. [In Russian]. Moscow: IIL.
Danilevsky, R. Yu. (1999). Pushkin and Goethe. A comparative study. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Nauka.
Eidelman, N. Y. (1984). Pushkin. History and modernity in the artistic consciousness of the poet. [In Russian]. Moscow: Sovietskiy pisatel.
Epstein, M. (1996). The Bronze Horseman and the Goldfish. Pushkin's poem-tale. [In Russian]. Znamya, (6), 204-215.
Erofeeva, K. L. (2010). The Ideal of the Enlightenment and Modernity: frustration and prospects. [In Russian]. Solovyov Studies, 2(26), 90-96.
Etkind, E. G. (1999). The divine word. Pushkin, read in Russia and France. [In Russian]. Moscow: LRC.
Feinberg, L. E. (1973). Musical structure of Pushkin’s poem «To the nobleman» (Extract from the book «Sonata form in the poetry of Pushkin»). [In Russian]. In V. A. Frumkin (Ed.), Poetry and music: a collection of articles and research. M: Muzyka.
Galtseva, R. A. (1990). Pushkin in Russian philosophical criticism. End of 19th early 20th century. [In Russian]. Moscow: Kniga.
Goethe, J. W. (1964). Selected Philosophical Works. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Gurevich, A. M. (2011). The Hidden Meanings. Articles about Pushkin (1984-2011). [In Russian]. Moscow: Sovpadenie.
Hessen, A. (1965). All care gentle mind... Pushkin among books and friends. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Jacobson, R. (1987). Works on poetics. [In Russian]. Moscow: Progress.
Kagarlitskiy, Yu. I. (1980). Shakespeare and Voltaire. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Katz, B. A. (1995). Analogs of sonata form in the lyrics of Pushkin. [In Russian]. Musicalnaya Academia, (1), 151-158.
Kozhevnikov, V. M., Nikolaev, P. A. (Eds.). (1987). Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary. [In Russian]. Moscow: Sov. Encyclopedia.
Lotman, Y. M. (2005). Pushkin. Biography of the writer. Articles and Notes. «Eugene Onegin». Comment. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Iskusstvo.
Mazel, L. (1992). About sonata form in the writings of Pushkin. After observations of M. G. Kharlap. [In Russian]. Musicalnaya Academiya, (2), 5-7.
Modzalevsky, B. L. (1910). Pushkin`s Library (bibliographic description). [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Typography of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
Novikova, M. A. (1995). Pushkin`s Universe. Pagan and Christian traditions in the works of Pushkin. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nasledie.
Pascal, B. (1995). Pensées. (J. Ginsburg, Trans.). [In Russian]. Moscow: Sabashnikov`s Publishing.
Petrarca, F. (1992). Africa. (E. Rabinovich, Trans.). [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Pushkin, A. S. (1974-1978). Collected Works in 10 vol. [In Russian]. Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura.
Pustovit, A. V. (2006). Ethics and aesthetics. Western heritage. The story of beauty and goodness. Textbook. [In Russian]. Kiev: IAPM.
Pustovit, A. V. (2006). Principle of the maximum action at Pushkіn`s drama. [In Ukrainian]. Fіlosofska Dumka, (4), 115-126.
Pustovit, A. V. (2008). Poetry as Embodiment of Contradictions: Pushkin's Tragedy «Mozart and Salieri». [In Russian]. In G. Aliaev et al. (Eds.), Ukrainian Journal of Russian philosophy. Bulletin of Russian Philosophical Society affiliated to Ukrainian philosophical foundation: Vol. 4, Poetry in Philosophy, Philosophy of Poetry (to 170th anniversary of the complete edition of Pushkin’s novel in verse «Eugene Onegin») (pp. 372-392). Kiev: Rus.
Pustovit, A. V. (2009). Pushkin and classical German philosophy. Towards the statement of the problem. [In Russian]. Russian language and literature in schools, (3), 2-10.
Pustovit, A. V. (2011a). Does Parody Really Dishonoures? [In Russian]. Russian language and literature in schools, (4), 13-23.
Pustovit, A. V. (2011b). Pushkin the Philosopher. The heritage of the poet and the Western philosophical tradition. [In Russian]. Retrieved from http: In pushkinopen.ru/texts/view/41
Pustovit, A. V. (2012). Philosophical and poetic antinomies. Pushkin and Kant [In Russian]. Russian language and literature in schools, (3), 7-13.
Sazonova, S. S. (2006). Pushkin in the 21th century. Collection in honor of V. S. Nepomnyastchy. [In Russian]. Moscow: Russkіy mіr.
Sedakova, O. A. (2006). Music. Poems and Prose. [In Russian]. Moscow: Russkіy mіr, Moskovskie Uchebniki.
Shahovskaya, Z. (1990). Merry name of Pushkin. [In Russian]. Slovo, 6, 1.
Solovyov, V. S. (1990). Poems. Aesthetics. Literary Criticism. [In Russian]. Moscow: Kniga.
Surat, I. Z. (1991). About «The Monument». [In Russian]. Novyi Mir, (10), 193-197.
Surat, I. Z. (1994). Pushkin as a religious problem. [In Russian]. Novy Mir, (1), 207-223.
Surat, I. Z. (2005). Pushkin and Pascal. [In Russian]. In I. E. Loshchilov, I. Z. Surat (Eds.), Pushkinskiy sbornik. Moscow: Tri quadrata.
Tarasov, B. (2009). «The thinking reed». The life and work of Pascal in the perception of Russian philosophers and writers. [In Russian]. Moscow: LRC.
Time, G. A. (2011). Russia and Germany: the philosophical discourse in Russian literature 19th–20th centuries. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Nestor-Historia.
Tomaszewski, B. V. (1960). Pushkin and France. [In Russian]. Moscow: Sovetsky Pisatel.
Tsyavlovsky, M. A. (Ed.). (1991). The Chronicle of the Life and Works of A. Pushkin. 1799-1826 (2nd ed.). [In Russian]. Leningrad: Nauka.
Vinogradov, V. V. (Ed.). (1956-1961). Dictionary of the Pushkin`s Language (Vol. 1-4). [In Russian]. GIINS.
Virolaynen, M. N. (2003). The Speech and the Silence. The Topics and the Myths of Russian literature. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Amphora.
Virolaynen, M. N. (2012). The creative history of the two poetic tales [In Russian]. In E. A. Baratynsky, & A. S. Pushkin, Two novels in verse (E.A. Baratynsky, The Ball; A. S. Pushkin, Count Nulin) (pp. 89-210). St. Petersburg, Nauka.
Wolpert, L. I. (2010). Pushkin`s France (2nd ed.). [In Russian; electronic publication]. Tartu. Retrieved from http: In www.ruthenia.ru/volpert/Volpert_Pushkin_2010.pdf
Zaborov, P. R. (1978). Russian Literature and Voltaire. [In Russian]. Leningrad: Nauka.
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2013-12-16
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Pustovit, A. (2013). “The Reason Seeks the God .”: Evolution of Pushkin`s Religious and Philosophical Views from the French Skepticism to German Idealism. Sententiae, 29(2), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.22240/sent29.02.047
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