Enlightenment and Ontology. Ontological Aspects of the Russian Pre-Enlightenment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22240/sent31.02.187Keywords:
Enlightenment, Pre-Enlightenment, ontology, sacral place, sacralization of sovereign, deontologizationAbstract
This article opens the cycle of studies of the «borrowed» (non-autochthonous) Enlightenments. It deals with the processes of Enlightenment in Russia.
The author proves that in the Russian civilization prior to the Enlightenment period (XIV – the beginning of the XVII cent.) there worked a mechanism of ontologization through sacralization. This mechanism is characterized by two specifical features: (a) the source of the being-energies was a sacred place – «Holy Rus’», (b) the Being-Transmitter was the Ruler who also had a sacred status.
The prerequisite of the emergence of Enlightenment intentions in Russian culture became the crisis of civilizational structures of ontologization (XVI–XVII cent.). The character of these intentions was greatly determined by the growing influence of European culture.
On the example of Simeon of Polotsk, the author shows that the specificity of Russian Pre-Enlightenment was based (1) on the traditional mechanisms of ontologization and (2) on the reproduction of system of views on the Sacred Power and the Sacred Monarch. Simeon’s Enlightenment ontology was composed of Christian Illuminism and the transfer of Being-Transmitter’s role to the Enlightener-Prophet.
References
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Averintsev, S. S. (1977). Poetics of early Byzantine literature. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Berman, B. I. (1982). Reader of lives (hagiographic canon in Russian tradition of the Middle Ages and its perception). [In Russian]. In V. A. Karpushin, (Ed.), Artistic language of the Middle Ages (рр. 159-183). Moscow: Nauka.
Bylinin, V. K., & Zvonareva, L. U. (1990). Poetry of Simeon Polockij. [In Russian]. In Simeon Polockij, Verse (рр. 5-20). Minsk: Mast. lit.
Derzhavin, G. R. (1985). Works. [In Russian]. Moscow: Pravda.
Dolgov, V. V. (2007). Life and customs of ancient Russia. Everyday worlds XI-XIII centuries. [In Russian]. Moscow: Jauza, Eksmo.
Fedotov, G. P. (1991). Spiritual poems (Russian popular belief in spiritual poetry). [In Russian]. Moscow: Progress; Gnosis.
Gorsky, V. S. (1998). Philosophical ideas in the culture of Kievan Rus XI-the beginning of XII. [In Russian]. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka.
Goryunkov, S. V. (2010). Unknown Ancient Russia, or how to learn a language epics. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Aletheia.
Granet, M. (2008). Chinese thought from Confucius and Lao-tzu. [In Russian]. Moscow: Algorithm.
Gromov, M. N., Kozlov, N. S. (1990). Russian philosophical thought X-XVII centuries. [In Russian]. Moscow: MGU.
Kobzev, A. I. (2002). Philosophy of the Chinese Neo-Confucianism. [In Russian]. Moscow: Vostochnaja Literatura.
Kolesov, V. V. (1986). Human world in the word of ancient Russia. [In Russian]. Leningrad: Leningrad State University.
Komarovich, V. L. (2002). Cult of family and land in princely environment XI-XIII centuries. [In Russian]. From the history of Russian culture. (Vol. II, рр. 8-29). (A. F. Litvina, & F. B. Uspensky, Eds.). Moscow: Languages of Slavic culture.
Kuznetsov V. G. (2014). Enlightenment and ontology. Autochthonous Enlightenments China. [In Russian]. In Sententiae, XXX(1), 129-146.
Kuznetsov, V. G. (2013). Enlightenment and ontology. Autochthonous Enlightenments: Europe. [In Russian]. In Sententiae, XXVIII(1), 120-137.
Kuznetsov, V. G. (2000). Russian way. [In Russian]. In V. G. Kuznetsov, L. G. Nerusheva, Universe of Russia: truth and imaginary (pp. 7-197). Vinnytsia: PE Usatyuk.
Lappo-Danilevsky, A. S. (1990). History of Russian social thought and culture XVII-XVIII centuries. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Lazarev, E. S. (2008). Charismatic burden of polar myth. [In Russian]. In E. Khara-Davan, Genghis Khan. Great conqueror (pp. 5-26). Moscow: Veche.
Likhachev, D. S. (1996). Preface. [In Russian]. In Simeon Polockij, Vertograd mnogocvětnyj in 3 vol. (Vol. 1, рр. IX-X). Köln & Weimar & Wien: Böhlau Verlag.
Lotman, M. (1992). Culture and explosion. [In Russian]. Moscow: Gnosis; Progress.
Lukin, P. V. (2000). Traditional notions of state power in Russia in XVII century. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Lurie, S. Translatio Imperii. [In Russian]. Retrieved from http://svlourie.narod.ru/imperium/3rome.htm
Nemtchinov, I. G. (2010). Narrative identity: The sources of Russian historical great narrative. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Vyd. Dragomanov NPU.
Odesskij, M. P. (2000). Poetics of power in ancient Rus. [In Russian]. In Ancient Rus, 1. Retrieved from http://nature.web.ru/db/msg.html?mid=1187855
Palitsyn, A. (1987). Abraham Palitsyn’s story about the siege of Trinity-Sergius Monastery. [In Russian]. In L. A. Dmitriev, & D. S. Likhachev, (Eds.), Literary Legacy of Ancient Russia: End of XVI-early XVII centuries (рр. 162-281). Moscow: Hudozhestvennaja literatura.
Panchenko, A. M. (1984). Russian culture on the eve of the reforms of Peter the Great. [In Russian]. Leningrad: Nauka.
Philotheus. (1984). Epistles of Philotheus [In Russian]. In L. A. Dmitriev, & D. S. Likhachev, (Eds.), Literary Legacy of Ancient Rus. End XV-the first half of the XVI century (рр. 436-455). Moscow: Hudozhestvennaja literatura.
Platonov, S. F. (2006). Course of Russian history. [In Russian]. Moscow: Veche.
Plyuhanova, M. B. (1995). Plots and symbols of the Moscow kingdom. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Acropolis.
Plyuhanova, M. B. (1982). Some features of personal consciousness in Russia XVII. [In Russian]. In V. A. Karpushin, (Ed.), Artistic language of the Middle Ages (рр. 184-200). Moscow: Nauka.
Popov, V. (1886). Simeon Polockij as a preacher. [In Russian]. Moscow: Typography E. Lissner and J. Roman.
Proskurina, V. (2006). Myths of Empire: Literature and Power in the reign of Catherine II. [In Russian]. Moscow: New Literary Review.
Prozorov, L. R. (2011). Russian heroes-pagan titans and demigods. [In Russian]. Moscow: Eksmo, Jauza.
Pushkarev, L. N. (1982). Political thought in Russia. The second half of the XVII century. Essays of history. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Rumyantseva, V. S. (1986). People’s anti-clerical movement in Russia in the XVII century. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Rybakov, B. A. (1987). Paganism of Ancient Rus. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Sazonova, L. I. (1996). “Vertograd mnogocvětnyj” by Simeon Polockij: history, poetics, genre. [In Russian]. In Simeon Polockij, Vertograd mnogocvětnyj in 3 vol. (Vol. 1, рр. XI-LI). Köln & Weimar & Wien: Böhlau Verlag.
Simeon Polockij. (1990). Verse. [In Russian]. Minsk: Mast. lit.
Simeon Polockij. (1996–2000). Vertograd mnogocvětnyj in 3 vol. [In Russian]. Köln & Weimar & Wien: Böhlau Verlag.
Subbotin, N. (Ed.). (1879). Materials for the history of the Raskol in the first period of its existence, issued by the Brotherhood of St. Metropolitan Peter (Vol. 5). [In Russian]. Moscow: Typography E. Lissner and J. Roman.
Tatarsky, I. (1886). Simeon Polockij (his life and work). Research experience of the history of education and the inner life of the Church in the second half of the XVII century. [In Russian]. Moscow: Typography M. G. Voltchaninov.
Timofeev I. (1987). From the «Annals». [In Russian]. In L. A. Dmitriev, & D. S. Likhachev, (Eds.), Literary Legacy of Ancient Russia: End of XVI-early XVII centuries (рр. 282-317). Moscow: Hudozhestvennaja literatura.
Trepavlov, V. V. (2007). «White Tsar»: an image of the monarch and the idea of citizenship among the peoples of Russia XV-XVIII centuries. [In Russian]. Moscow: Vostochnaja Literatura.
Trubachov, O. N. (2005). In search of unity: a view of the philologist on the problem of the origins of Russia. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Trubachov, O. N. (1999). Indoarica in the Northern Black Sea. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Uspenskij, B. A. (2000). Tsar and Emperor: The anointing as king and semantics of royal titles. [In Russian]. Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture.
Uspenskij, B. A. (1982). Tsar and impostor: imposture in Russia as a cultural-historical phenomenon. In V. A. Karpushin, (Ed.), Artistic language of the Middle Ages (рр. 201-235). [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Uspenskij, B. A. (1998). Tsar and Patriarch: the charisma of power in Russia (Byzantine model and its Russian rethinking). [In Russian]. Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture.
Utkina N. F., & Sukhov A. D. (Eds.). (1991). Russian thought in the Age of Enlightenment. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Vasilyev, L. S. (1989). The Genesis of Chinese thought (the emergence of basic world outlook and mentality). [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Zamaleev, A. F. (1998). East Slavic thinkers: the Middle Ages. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Publisher of St. Petersburg University.
Zamaleev, A. F. Lectures on the history of Russian philosophy. [In Russian]. Retrieved from http://www.rulit.net/books/lekcii-po-istorii-russkoj-filosofii-read-327097-1.html
Zamaleev, A. F. (1987). Philosophical thought in medieval Russia (XI–XVI centuries). [In Russian]. Leningrad: Nauka.
Zhivov, V. M., & Uspensky, B. A. (1987). Tsar and God: Semiotic aspects of the sacralization of the monarch in Russia. [In Russian]. In B. A. Uspensky, (Ed.), Languages and Cultures of translatability problems. Moscow: Nauka. Retrieved from http://krotov.info/history/18/1/uspen_09.htm
Zolotukhina, N. M. (1985). Development of Russian medieval political and legal thought. [In Russian]. Moscow: Juridicheskaja literatura.
Andreeva, L. A. (2007). Sacralization of power in the history of Christian civilization in Latin West and the Orthodox East. [In Russian]. Moscow: Ladomir.
Averintsev, S. S. (1977). Poetics of early Byzantine literature. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Berman, B. I. (1982). Reader of lives (hagiographic canon in Russian tradition of the Middle Ages and its perception). [In Russian]. In V. A. Karpushin, (Ed.), Artistic language of the Middle Ages (рр. 159-183). Moscow: Nauka.
Bylinin, V. K., & Zvonareva, L. U. (1990). Poetry of Simeon Polockij. [In Russian]. In Simeon Polockij, Verse (рр. 5-20). Minsk: Mast. lit.
Derzhavin, G. R. (1985). Works. [In Russian]. Moscow: Pravda.
Dolgov, V. V. (2007). Life and customs of ancient Russia. Everyday worlds XI-XIII centuries. [In Russian]. Moscow: Jauza, Eksmo.
Fedotov, G. P. (1991). Spiritual poems (Russian popular belief in spiritual poetry). [In Russian]. Moscow: Progress; Gnosis.
Gorsky, V. S. (1998). Philosophical ideas in the culture of Kievan Rus XI-the beginning of XII. [In Russian]. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka.
Goryunkov, S. V. (2010). Unknown Ancient Russia, or how to learn a language epics. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Aletheia.
Granet, M. (2008). Chinese thought from Confucius and Lao-tzu. [In Russian]. Moscow: Algorithm.
Gromov, M. N., Kozlov, N. S. (1990). Russian philosophical thought X-XVII centuries. [In Russian]. Moscow: MGU.
Kobzev, A. I. (2002). Philosophy of the Chinese Neo-Confucianism. [In Russian]. Moscow: Vostochnaja Literatura.
Kolesov, V. V. (1986). Human world in the word of ancient Russia. [In Russian]. Leningrad: Leningrad State University.
Komarovich, V. L. (2002). Cult of family and land in princely environment XI-XIII centuries. [In Russian]. From the history of Russian culture. (Vol. II, рр. 8-29). (A. F. Litvina, & F. B. Uspensky, Eds.). Moscow: Languages of Slavic culture.
Kuznetsov V. G. (2014). Enlightenment and ontology. Autochthonous Enlightenments China. [In Russian]. In Sententiae, XXX(1), 129-146.
Kuznetsov, V. G. (2013). Enlightenment and ontology. Autochthonous Enlightenments: Europe. [In Russian]. In Sententiae, XXVIII(1), 120-137.
Kuznetsov, V. G. (2000). Russian way. [In Russian]. In V. G. Kuznetsov, L. G. Nerusheva, Universe of Russia: truth and imaginary (pp. 7-197). Vinnytsia: PE Usatyuk.
Lappo-Danilevsky, A. S. (1990). History of Russian social thought and culture XVII-XVIII centuries. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Lazarev, E. S. (2008). Charismatic burden of polar myth. [In Russian]. In E. Khara-Davan, Genghis Khan. Great conqueror (pp. 5-26). Moscow: Veche.
Likhachev, D. S. (1996). Preface. [In Russian]. In Simeon Polockij, Vertograd mnogocvětnyj in 3 vol. (Vol. 1, рр. IX-X). Köln & Weimar & Wien: Böhlau Verlag.
Lotman, M. (1992). Culture and explosion. [In Russian]. Moscow: Gnosis; Progress.
Lukin, P. V. (2000). Traditional notions of state power in Russia in XVII century. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Lurie, S. Translatio Imperii. [In Russian]. Retrieved from http://svlourie.narod.ru/imperium/3rome.htm
Nemtchinov, I. G. (2010). Narrative identity: The sources of Russian historical great narrative. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Vyd. Dragomanov NPU.
Odesskij, M. P. (2000). Poetics of power in ancient Rus. [In Russian]. In Ancient Rus, 1. Retrieved from http://nature.web.ru/db/msg.html?mid=1187855
Palitsyn, A. (1987). Abraham Palitsyn’s story about the siege of Trinity-Sergius Monastery. [In Russian]. In L. A. Dmitriev, & D. S. Likhachev, (Eds.), Literary Legacy of Ancient Russia: End of XVI-early XVII centuries (рр. 162-281). Moscow: Hudozhestvennaja literatura.
Panchenko, A. M. (1984). Russian culture on the eve of the reforms of Peter the Great. [In Russian]. Leningrad: Nauka.
Philotheus. (1984). Epistles of Philotheus [In Russian]. In L. A. Dmitriev, & D. S. Likhachev, (Eds.), Literary Legacy of Ancient Rus. End XV-the first half of the XVI century (рр. 436-455). Moscow: Hudozhestvennaja literatura.
Platonov, S. F. (2006). Course of Russian history. [In Russian]. Moscow: Veche.
Plyuhanova, M. B. (1995). Plots and symbols of the Moscow kingdom. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Acropolis.
Plyuhanova, M. B. (1982). Some features of personal consciousness in Russia XVII. [In Russian]. In V. A. Karpushin, (Ed.), Artistic language of the Middle Ages (рр. 184-200). Moscow: Nauka.
Popov, V. (1886). Simeon Polockij as a preacher. [In Russian]. Moscow: Typography E. Lissner and J. Roman.
Proskurina, V. (2006). Myths of Empire: Literature and Power in the reign of Catherine II. [In Russian]. Moscow: New Literary Review.
Prozorov, L. R. (2011). Russian heroes-pagan titans and demigods. [In Russian]. Moscow: Eksmo, Jauza.
Pushkarev, L. N. (1982). Political thought in Russia. The second half of the XVII century. Essays of history. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Rumyantseva, V. S. (1986). People’s anti-clerical movement in Russia in the XVII century. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Rybakov, B. A. (1987). Paganism of Ancient Rus. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Sazonova, L. I. (1996). “Vertograd mnogocvětnyj” by Simeon Polockij: history, poetics, genre. [In Russian]. In Simeon Polockij, Vertograd mnogocvětnyj in 3 vol. (Vol. 1, рр. XI-LI). Köln & Weimar & Wien: Böhlau Verlag.
Simeon Polockij. (1990). Verse. [In Russian]. Minsk: Mast. lit.
Simeon Polockij. (1996–2000). Vertograd mnogocvětnyj in 3 vol. [In Russian]. Köln & Weimar & Wien: Böhlau Verlag.
Subbotin, N. (Ed.). (1879). Materials for the history of the Raskol in the first period of its existence, issued by the Brotherhood of St. Metropolitan Peter (Vol. 5). [In Russian]. Moscow: Typography E. Lissner and J. Roman.
Tatarsky, I. (1886). Simeon Polockij (his life and work). Research experience of the history of education and the inner life of the Church in the second half of the XVII century. [In Russian]. Moscow: Typography M. G. Voltchaninov.
Timofeev I. (1987). From the «Annals». [In Russian]. In L. A. Dmitriev, & D. S. Likhachev, (Eds.), Literary Legacy of Ancient Russia: End of XVI-early XVII centuries (рр. 282-317). Moscow: Hudozhestvennaja literatura.
Trepavlov, V. V. (2007). «White Tsar»: an image of the monarch and the idea of citizenship among the peoples of Russia XV-XVIII centuries. [In Russian]. Moscow: Vostochnaja Literatura.
Trubachov, O. N. (2005). In search of unity: a view of the philologist on the problem of the origins of Russia. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Trubachov, O. N. (1999). Indoarica in the Northern Black Sea. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Uspenskij, B. A. (2000). Tsar and Emperor: The anointing as king and semantics of royal titles. [In Russian]. Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture.
Uspenskij, B. A. (1982). Tsar and impostor: imposture in Russia as a cultural-historical phenomenon. In V. A. Karpushin, (Ed.), Artistic language of the Middle Ages (рр. 201-235). [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Uspenskij, B. A. (1998). Tsar and Patriarch: the charisma of power in Russia (Byzantine model and its Russian rethinking). [In Russian]. Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture.
Utkina N. F., & Sukhov A. D. (Eds.). (1991). Russian thought in the Age of Enlightenment. [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Vasilyev, L. S. (1989). The Genesis of Chinese thought (the emergence of basic world outlook and mentality). [In Russian]. Moscow: Nauka.
Zamaleev, A. F. (1998). East Slavic thinkers: the Middle Ages. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Publisher of St. Petersburg University.
Zamaleev, A. F. Lectures on the history of Russian philosophy. [In Russian]. Retrieved from http://www.rulit.net/books/lekcii-po-istorii-russkoj-filosofii-read-327097-1.html
Zamaleev, A. F. (1987). Philosophical thought in medieval Russia (XI–XVI centuries). [In Russian]. Leningrad: Nauka.
Zhivov, V. M., & Uspensky, B. A. (1987). Tsar and God: Semiotic aspects of the sacralization of the monarch in Russia. [In Russian]. In B. A. Uspensky, (Ed.), Languages and Cultures of translatability problems. Moscow: Nauka. Retrieved from http://krotov.info/history/18/1/uspen_09.htm
Zolotukhina, N. M. (1985). Development of Russian medieval political and legal thought. [In Russian]. Moscow: Juridicheskaja literatura.
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2014-12-16
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Kuznetsov, V. (2014). Enlightenment and Ontology. Ontological Aspects of the Russian Pre-Enlightenment. Sententiae, 31(2), 167–186. https://doi.org/10.22240/sent31.02.187
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